Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail - 1542 Words

Demeanor for Success Do you keep your cool in the face of opposition, or do you lose focus in your haste to defend yourself? In â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail,† Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses fellow ministers’ criticisms on his movement by eloquently expressing his views on the fight to end segregation in an incredibly organized manner. He calmly and directly shoots back a compelling argument to those who question his authority to lead protests on the subject. Overall, King uses examples and accurate representations of history to show the need for change. MLK Jr.’s letter embodies the rightful cry of the African American population and successfully rebukes those who stand idly by during a struggle that should be considered pertinent†¦show more content†¦With no room left for negotiation, King went to the next viable option, under the premise that change will come about when there is enough positive tension. He puts in the words, â€Å"there is a type of construct ive nonviolent tension necessary for growth† (2). To expand on this, I affirm that nothing will happen without a cause. Sometimes you have to force a hand or make the current situation uncomfortable to modify the future. He advances to explain that this change is not untimely as the clergymen argued. The reverend claims that people have their limits and can only endure so much oppression before they fall into despair. He vocalizes the point behind this overflow and decides to do something with the momentum. Following this, Dr. King digs into the ministers’ dissatisfaction with the unlawful component of his campaign. They question how he can be a good man while condoning choosing which laws to follow and those to toss aside. Reverend King simply responds, â€Å"The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust† (3). After defining the difference between the two, moral and Godly judgement, he classifies segregation statutes as unjust because they cause major damage to the African American population, tearing down souls and suspending growth of personalities. He shows extreme willingness to openly break any laws that are unjust in his view and supports this with a biblical example of civil disobedience (Shadrach,Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughts aboutRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis850 Words   |  4 Pagesfriends. (MLK)† This quote from the inspirational civil rights leader captures the motivation behind his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† He wrote this letter in 1963--after he had been jailed--in response to southern white clergy who called his actions â€Å"unwise and untimely.† Although MLK utilizes many varying appeals and devices, Kairos and anaphora are the most forceful because they pressure the white clergy and stimulate guilt in them. MLK inserts kairos in his letter to pressure the white clergyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail1517 Words   |  7 PagesPonder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probablyRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail785 Words   |  4 PagesWhile imprisoned in Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. received a letter from the local clergymen that condemned his actions calling them rash and extreme, in response Dr. King wrote his own letter back defending his decisions. In his letter from Birmingham Jail, Dr. King introduces the idea of positive extremism as he attempts to convince the clergymen of the need for direct action in Birmingham, by showing the similarities in his own struggles and those faced by countless historical and biblicalR ead MoreCritical Analysis: Letter from Birmingham Jail1191 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis Essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† In arguing, writers use different techniques to effectively convey their message to their intended audience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen in which King’s presence in Birmingham and his methods of public demonstration were questioned. King’s letter was not only a response to his presence in Birmingham, but he also used the opportunity to address theRead MoreLetter from a Birmingham Jail Analysis1025 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr. was written in the margins of a letter posted by the clergymen of Alabama at this time that sparked his interest and while he inhabited the jail cell for parading around without a permit. This time allowed him the ability to respond wholeheartedly to this cynical oppressing. King’s letter addresses specific points presented in the Clergymen’s and this direct response distinguishes Kingà ¢â‚¬â„¢s strong points through his powerful writing.   UnethicalRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis1617 Words   |  7 Pagespeaceful protests in Birmingham, Alabama, he was jailed on accounts of â€Å"parading without a permit† (King 3). While in jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote a response to â€Å"A Call For Unity,† written by eight white clergymen of Birmingham, regarding King’s actions as â€Å"unwise and untimely† (King 1). This famous response soon came to be known as â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail,† and is currently regarded as one of the best pieces of rhetoric ever written. Dr. King’s â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† is thoroughlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1058 Words   |  5 PagesLetters from Birmingham Jail, was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s response to an open letter from eight Caucasian clergymen in the state of Alabama who had condemned the actions of King Jr. and blac k civil rights leaders. Dr. King Jr. made an impassioned argument addressing the concerns of the clergymen and vigorously discussed shock at their response. His letter covered a multitude of factors clearly and succinctly in a stinging critique of the clergymen’s views. In his infamous letter, Dr. King JrRead MoreSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1708 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, for protesting without a permit. The same day that King was arrested, a letter was written and signed by eight clergymen from Birmingham and titled â€Å"A Call for Unity†. The letter called for ending demonstrations and civil activities and indicated King as an â€Å"outsider†. On April 16, 1963, King responded to their letter with his own call, which has come toRead Moreâ€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Analysis of the Rhetorical Appeals1182 Words   |  5 Pagescreate a trustworthy bond with the audience, support his claim through reason, and create emotion in the audience that compels them to leap out of their seats and take action. Martin Luther King Jr. attempted to do this when he wrote an open letter while in his jail cell after a peaceful debate against segregation. His lettered response was guided at a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen saying that segregation should be fought in court and not on the streets. King uses a combination of three

The Types Of Anxieties, Learners May Face During Examinations

The Types of Anxieties, Learners May Face During Examinations. Anxiety can be of many types. Be it language anxiety, test anxiety or even speech anxiety and social anxiety. Unfortunately this uncomfortable feeling is something that manifests in people all the time and especially at times when it would be best they are calm for a better outcome. This analysis of anxiety is based purely on test anxiety and how learners respond in exam conditions. It is because of this type of anxiety that students end up performing poorly for exams and tend to drop out of their education, i.e.; Anxiety = poor results=lack of will to continue. Many researchers have found that worry about being socially rejected or simply just failing, results in students†¦show more content†¦So this indicates physiological and behavioural negative responses as stated above. Morris and Liebert study (1970) found that worrying had a greater negative impact with performance in the test condition than the emotional responses, in a group of high school students. This tells us that it is one’s thoughts about the whole test ordeal that has a bigger effect on performance. In other studies conducted on the relationship between anxiety and result of the test/evaluation, the source of test anxiety has been found in the students’ poor preparation. Ie poor preparation/organisation=test anxiety=poor performance. Several research studies have established that, highly test anxious students have compromised study habits compared to the low anxious students (Culler and Holahan, 1980). This is also in sync with Hembree (1988), where his findings suggested the same, in that lack of good study skills manifested in poor performance under evaluative conditions, which leads to feelings of increased anxiety. So, all this points to the fact that if one was to prepare adequately then it would manifest in ones confidence in their ability to perform and in turn would enable them to perform efficiently, producing a good outcome of success. The level of one’s natural intellect does not really serve much relevance on this point, as even the intelligent students could be affected by exam jitters resulting in the same manifestations.

Monuments of Dr. Jose P. Rizal Around the World free essay sample

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Sta. Mesa, Manila College of Business As a partial fulfilment of the requirements of the subject HIST 1023 Buhay, Mga Gawain at Sinulat ni Rizal Monuments of Dr. Jose P. Rizal Around the World Rizal Park (Luneta Park), Manila, Philippines Description: 12. 7 m bronze and unpolished granite sculpture and obelisk. On one side of the Rizal Monument is a marble plaque marking the exact spot where the hero met his death by firing squad and on the other side is one of his poems. The central bronze figure is of Dr Rizal. The bronze figures around the sculpture were cast in Switzerland. Dr Rizals remains are buried within the monument. Inscription: I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves – for his country and for others dear to him. We will write a custom essay sample on Monuments of Dr. Jose P. Rizal Around the World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To the memory of Jose Rizal, patriot and martyr, executed at Bagumbayan Field December thirtieth 1896, this monument is dedicated by the people of the Philippine Islands. Of all the historical landmarks in the Philippines, the Rizal monument in Luneta easily stands out as the most recognizable and most photographed. It is thus an irony that very few Filipinos know the story behind the building of this important national memorial, and how, more than a century ago, some of the world’s leading sculptors participated in an international contest to design and build it. Built by virtue of the United States Philippine Commission Act No. 243, dated September 28, 1901, the Rizal monument was approved by no less than United States President Theodore Roosevelt. The act stipulated the allocation of land in the Luneta to build the memorial, near where Rizal fell when he was executed by the Spaniards on December 30, 1896. It also specified that the monument bear the statue of Rizal, as well as serve as the final resting place of his remains. To fund the project, a Rizal committee was set up to raise funds from public solicitations. The committee—whose members included Paciano Rizal (Rizal’s brother), and Tagalog novelist Pascual Poblete–was also tasked to hold a design contest for the future monument. In 1905, when the committee gathered enough funds, it announced the art competition. Local and foreign sculptors were invited to participate, with the year 1907 as the deadline of submission. It was a reasonable period of time to conceptualize and design a scale model for the future Rizal national monument. The grand prize winner would be awarded a cash prize of ? 5,000, as well as the ? 100,000 contract to build the monument. It was a huge sum during that time and thus many sculptors, including some of the best in Europe, participated. Forty artists submitted their bozetos (scale models) in 1907. From these forty, ten bozetos made it to the finals.

Marriott Hotel Case Study Essay Example

Marriott Hotel: Case Study Essay Recommendations: Marriott has established strong brand equity due to its excellent processes and an openness to adapt. Yet, there are areas where it could improve, leading it to the position of a leader in the field of Hospitality Management. One of the areas where the Marriott management could look into is its Corporate Social Responsibility program and think of making it more effective. It is right now a vogue among corporate institutions to state that they treat the larger society the same way they treat their customers and shareholders. But this is usually nothing more than lip service and token/unsubstantial measures. Marriott’s CSR program is drawn up in earnest purpose with consideration to all sorts of current social problems, including poverty, environmental degradation, welfare of children, etc. But the amount of resources it actually allocates to these programs is rather small. This is one area where the management could reassess and make more substantive allocations. Another indirect manner in which Marriott could act as a socially responsible corporation is by adopting a Green code, whereby, they will pick and choose vendors and suppliers based on their environmental standard records. This way, Ma rriott could actually participate in preventing environmental deterioration rather than contributing funds to its repair after the fact. Moreover, a meaningful environmental policy is also self-serving, as it prevents reduction in tourist traffic patterns due to climatic issues pertaining to Global Warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriott Hotel: Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marriott Hotel: Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marriott Hotel: Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another method through which Marriott could improve the quality of customer service is by embracing cutting edge telecommunications technology. It is quickly becoming the norm in the service industry to incorporate social media and Wi-Fi Internet technology into the customer experience. For example, each Marriott room can have a Local Area Enabled (LAN) Tablet devices. An interactive customer interface could be built on top of the LAN to enhance interaction between customers and Hotel staff. This facility could be linked to the Marriott online reservation system already in place, thus handing customers a whole range of plans, orders and reservations they can make. It is important to remember that technological adaptation will have to respect the political and cultural restrictions of the region of operation. For example, in China, access to the Internet and the social media is restricted by the government. Hence the Marriott.com site will have to be customized to be acceptable to Chinese regulators. Though Marriott has a worldwide presence, they are mostly concentrated in the United States and Western Europe. But the fastest growing economies are elsewhere in the world, including the South East Asian bloc, India, China, Russia and Brazil. The management will have to explore opportunities in these as yet unsaturated markets. Marriott’s success in finding a strong foothold in these emerging markets will be key to the company’s growth in the near future. As indicated by the PESTEL analysis, local legislations have a say on the prospects for the Hospitality industry in general and Marriott in particular. As Marriott attempts to gain market share and loyalty base in emerging economic powers, the management will have to devise culturally and politically sensitive plans for each of these countries. This is especially true in the era of terrorism, where Marriott’s strong perception as an American company can work against it. A common broad-based plan that does n’t appreciate diverse socio-political realities across regions of operation is bound to fail. The Marriott management will have to think twice before consolidating their market position in countries where authoritarian regimes are in place. Such an association could negatively impact its brand. Likewise, the company can reassess its tendency to allow franchises to run its units in remote geographies. The command chain from the top-central management to its entry-level staff is also broken in the franchise arrangement. This can have a detrimental effect on its brand value in the long run. Marriott will also prosper by looking at the supply-chain processes of competitors like Hilton and Radisson and learning from them. It may be counter-intuitive to adopt such an approach, but an open mind and respect for successful practices employed by competitors can only serve the company in the long run. At the same time, Marriott should also invest in generating creative ideas for offering its services. A positive and unique customer experience is invaluable in the hospitality industry and is key to establishing customer loyalty. Hence the hotel group should balance between following time-tested management practices while also experimenting with innovative ideas. Finally, Marriott can think of venturing into industries allied to the Hospitality industry. Travel agencies and tour operators are a good choice, as there are financial incentives to be had in broadening the portfolio thus. Introducing customer loyalty programs into this mix is also a sound idea – customers are given credits (which could later be redeemed) is a sound business strategy. Also, now that the global economic slowdown is the biggest detriment to the fortunes of the Hospitality industry, Marriott group can think of focusing more on economy accommodation and travel till economic conditions pick up steam.

Business Culture essays

Business Culture essays Understanding one ¡s culture is a very important key factor for your global business to be successful. In my following presentation, I will briefly discuss some key ideas that you will need to keep in mind while you are doing business in Taiwan. If you listen to me carefully, you will surely have no problem becoming a CEO in Taiwan; at least, you don ¡t need to worry about your name appears on the headline of business entertainment section. The first point I am going to talk about is GREETINGS AND COURTESIES Upon meeting someone, Chinese lower their eyes slightly as a sign of respect. Staring into the eyes of a Chinese might make them uncomfortable. Face (mianzi), a measure of one's dignity, is crucial in Taiwan. Taiwanese are enormously sensitive to maintaining face in everything they do. Saying or doing anything that causes someone to lose face can instantly destroy a relationship and any business that might result from it. Never insult or openly criticize someone in front of others. Do not treat someone as a person of lowly rank if their position in their company is high. A person's face is also their company's face. The relationship you develop with a person represents your relationship with his entire company. Dwarfed by and staunchly opposing the People's Republic of China, Taiwan regards business with the rest of the world as crucial to its survival, economically and politically. Taiwanese businessmen are generally practical and shrewd. Work is one of their most prized virtues, and they are willing to work ten or more hours each day. Taiwanese prefer to have their own business rather than be employed by a large corporation. This has resulted in thousands of small-scale, family-owned companies, and potential partners are plentiful. But it also means that business rivalries can be intensely personal and sometimes vicious. Taiwanese behavior is largely determined by Confuci ...

The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide To Make Your Traffic Soar

The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide To Make Your Traffic Soar According to Internet Live Stats, Google processes over 60,000 searches per second. That means its sending tons traffic to websites all around the world. As a result, its unsurprising that 61% of marketers say improving search engine optimization is their top marketing priority. It also means the competition is fierce. To make matters worse, its often tough to know whether your current tactics are effective. One thing is for sure, though: successful SEO starts with effective content. So, does that mean if you write great stuff, your pages and blog posts will rank? Not exactly. That content needs to be written to appeal to both search engines and humans, so Google (and others) can send traffic to the best possible sources. And this means understanding both search engine optimization and copywriting in equal measure. At this point, you probably have some questions. Fortunately, youre about to find answers. Read on to find the answers and master SEO copywriting, once and for all. What is ? is an industry-leading marketing management platform for teams of all sizes. Start planning projects on unified calendar and learn how you can overcome makeshift marketing now. Table of Contents: Copywriting Templates SEO and Copywriting Tools What is Copywriting? Why Does SEO Matter? How Does SEO Work? Copywriting 101 Copywriting Formulas Keyword Research Writing Optimized Content Measuring SEO Success When Content Fails The Most Massive SEO Copywriting Guide That Will Make Your Traffic Soar Grab Your Free SEO Copywriting Template Bundle This post is packed with practical tips to help you write better copy that ranks and converts. In order to help you apply what you learn, weve put together this free downloadable bundle of useful templates and other resources. Youll get: An On-Page SEO Checklist to make sure every piece of content you publish is properly optimized. An SEO Content Strategy Template to figure out what youll publish (and why). An easy-to-follow SEO Copywriting Template to simplify and organize your content writing process. Download all three before we get going.Recommended SEO and Copywriting Tools Here are some tools and gadgets to keep at your disposal: Grammarly: This is a life-saving spelling and grammar-checking tool. Hemingway: Improve your writing and make your content easier to understand. Yoast: If you use WordPress, this plugin is essential for editing title tags and meta descriptions. Plus, it packs tons of additional power, too. Ahrefs: This is the SEO tool of choice at for keyword research, rank tracking, and more. Can I Rank: Analyze content and keywords to understand exactly what your copy needs to do, in order to rank. Spotibo SERP Preview Checker: See what your title tags and meta descriptions will look like in search results. What Is SEO Copywriting, Exactly? In simplest terms, it’s the practice of writing content that aligns content with search queries. This involves writing copy that connects content with search intent and solves your audience's problems. Ultimately, that's what powers the top-performing content on Google. Sounds simple enough, right? Well, it isn’t quite that easy. Sometimes, incorporating keywords can mean rephrasing your wording (even if you'd prefer another choice of words). Or, you might even feel tempted to give into spammy old-school tactics like keyword stuffing (cramming keywords everywhere possible- a quick way to turn off readers and get slapped with a penalty from Google). What’s an aspiring SEO copywriting wizard to do? Keep these points in mind: Your goal is not simply to rank in search engines. Rankings are important. They drive traffic, which help drive conversions, after all. They’re not your end goal, though. Your goal is to connect the dots between your audience’s problems and the solutions your content provides. Ensuring your content ranks is a means to this end. That means understanding the search intent behind targeted keywords and creating stuff that delivers an â€Å"aha!† moment for your reader. That’s what’s going to lead to more conversions and sales. Put your audience first. It’s blatantly obvious when marketers don’t do this, and the results are never as good as catering to your reader’s needs first. What should every #SEO copywriter keep in mind? Find out here: Why Should Writers Pay Attention to Search Engines, Anyway? Your business needs new customers to keep the lights on. Search engines are one of the best ways to attract them. Now, you may have heard that SEO is unnecessary because Google has gotten better at understanding content without using keywords. It's true that search engines are better at understanding topics and context without heavy-handed optimization than they once were.  However, they still need help understanding what your content is about, and getting this right is key to maximizing organic search traffic. That’s where your  SEO copywriting skills come into play. By understanding how to write for humans and optimize for search engines, you can make sure your content ranks for the right search terms to reach the right audience. Do it well, and you’ll drive tons of high-converting traffic to your content and bring in more customers. How Does SEO Work? It's useful to have a working knowledge of SEO before moving forward. Unfortunately, well-meaning marketers often make this more confusing than it needs to be, causing writers to overthink what they're being asked to do. This post will attempt to make the essentials easily digestible. In their legendary SEO beginner's guide, software provider Moz says: Search engines have two major functions: crawling and building an index, and providing search users with a ranked list of the websites they've determined are the most relevant. Understanding Links and Their Impact on SEO The way search engines build indexes relies on links. Links between pages help the search engines understand the relationships between sites across the Web. To quote Moz once again: Imagine the World Wide Web as a network of stops in a big city subway system. Each stop is a unique document (usually a web page, but sometimes a PDF, JPG, or other file). The search engines need a way to â€Å"crawl† the entire city and find all the stops along the way, so they use the best path available- links. How do Google (and other search engines) understand what's on each stop? That part relies on the content of each web page, or other document or file in its index. Webmasters might link content that is related on their own sites, or link out to relevant content on other sites. This creates the necessary pathways search engine bots need to crawl through the web and understand how the web is constructed. In order to create content people want to link to, and that search engines can understand, it needs to be relevant to topics people search for. It also needs to be well-written, structured in a way that's easy to read, and include on-page elements that tell search engines, "This content is relevant to this topic." It's okay if this doesn't quite make sense yet. Give it time, and it'll start to click. Understanding How On-Page Factors Influence SEO When it comes to SEO, it's important to understand the big picture. There are tons of different ranking factors that can impact your performance. This infographic from Backlinko illustrates some of the most important elements a copywriter or content creator should know: Source: https://backlinko.com/on-page-seo. Copywriting 101: Get a Grip on the Basics Copywriting is a timeless art, whether you're concerned with SEO or not.  Without a strong foundation in fundamental sales writing techniques, your efforts will struggle. This section will walk through basic techniques for effective copywriting, from audience research to formulas you can follow for success. What Is Copywriting? Copywriting all about writing that converts readers into customers.  This video from Kopywriting Kourse offers a succinct explanation: Start By Understanding Your Audience If your copy is going to stick, you need to know exactly who you’re writing for. With some simple audience research (and maybe a persona or two on hand), you can make targeting your message to the right customer much easier. The best copy addresses a problem, at the intersection of your product's purpose and audience's needs. This forms your "content core." Recommended Reading: How to Find Your Target Audience And Create the Best Content That Connects Next, Understand Your Customer's Problems and Pain Points Your product or service helps solve a problem. Your copy needs to communicate what makes your product the best option. To do this, you need to have a clear understanding of your target customers’ pain points. Here are a few places to start: Talk to your sales team.  They interact with customers directly and have great insight. Ask customers on social media. They'll tell you what they think. Good, or bad.   Lean on customer and audience surveys. This is another way to get direct feedback. Then, Consider Developing Some Basic Customer Personas You may not have the time or resources to build personas. But, if you can, they're helpful for  understanding your audience. Personas are like character descriptions of customers. At a minimum, a persona should tell you a few basic things: Who is your target consumer?  Be specific. What are their interests and concerns? This could include things outside your industry. What are their primary pain points? You need to know what they need help with before your content can provide useful answers. This is a (very) short list of everything a good persona should tell you. For a more detailed guide on developing user personas, check out this post here. Writing for SEO? Start by understanding your core persona.Know How the Marketing Funnel Works Marketing funnels map intent to different stages of the purchasing process. They typically include at least three stages: Top of Funnel (TOFU): At this stage, customers are unaware of your brand or product. Middle of the Funnel (MOFU):   The customer knows they need a product or solution. However, they may or may not be considering your brand. Bottom of the Funnel: Now, the customer is ready to make a purchase. Some marketing funnel visualizations add more stages. Here is an example: As a copywriter, it's important to understand which stage you're targeting. A lot of content written for SEO purposes targets the top of the funnel. However, you may also need to write copy targeting the bottom of the funnel, too. This could include writing landing pages or product descriptions. As a copywriter, it's important to understand which stage of the marketing funnel you're targeting... Understand Basic Copywriting Formulas Even when you’re taking search into consideration, the basics principles of the craft still apply. Use these simple formulas to craft content that connects with your audience and motivates your desired action. PAS (Problem / Agitate / Solve) This classic formula has been kicking around for decades. Here’s how it works: Identify a problem. Since you spent time researching your audience, you should know common problems they face. Agitate anxiety around that problem. What makes this problem particularly pressing? Offer a solution. How can your product or service make your audience’s life better? Let’s say you’re selling rain repellant auto-glass coatings. Here’s how this formula breaks down: Problem: Driving in rain can be difficult when your car’s windshield doesn’t deflect moisture. Agitation: This problem is made even worse when driving through storms at night. Solution: Spraying coating on your windshield can decrease your chances of getting in a wreck due to poor visibility. Here's how the PAS copywriting formula worksAIDA (Attention / Interest / Desire / Action) This formula follows four phases: Capture your reader’s attention. This often starts with writing headlines and title tags people can’t help but click. Stoke interest. Follow through on your headline with interesting information that keeps them reading through to your call-to-action. Inspire desire.  Show your reader how life could be better with your product or service. Drive action.  Roll out your call-to-action and tell them how they can learn more or make a purchase. Using our auto-glass coating example from before, let's create a hypothetical example of this formula in action: Attention: You've never seen through a windshield this clear (even on the darkest, stormiest, nights). Interest: It's made possible with a secret solution no one else has. Desire: And it can be yours for one low price at your nearest retailer. This isn't a fantastic example, but you understand how it works. Here's how the AIDA copywriting formula worksThe Four Cs (Clear / Concise / Compelling / Credible) This formula aims to achieve everything authoritative content should be. For that reason, it’s perfect for crafting search-optimized content that convert. Clear. Make your point plain as day. Concise. Cut anything from your content that doesn’t directly help your reader. Compelling. Make it interesting. Work in stats and other data points that are accurate but hard to believe. Credible. Back up your claims with reputable sources. Let's go back to our auto-glass coating example one more time: Clear: Nothing maintains windshield visibility like this auto-glass coating. Concise: How? With a patented tri-chemical compound. Compelling: Nothing else cleans windshields better ... Credible: ... and it's backed by a five-star review in Motor Trend. Again, this isn't a wildly creative example. But, you can see how this formula's individual components work. Here's how the Four C's copywriting formula works Check out these detailed guides to common copywriting formulas for even more to choose from: "The 27 Copywriting Formulas That Will Drive Clicks And Engagement on Social Media" by Kevan Lee at Buffer "Copywriting Formualas: Don't Write From Scratch!" by Joanna Wiebe at Copyhackers "21 Incredible Copywriting Formulas I Use" by Copy Ranger "114+ Copywriting Formulas to Get Traffic and Leads" by Helen Nesterenko at Writtent "3 Brilliant Copywriting Formulas for Crafting More Persuasive Landing Pages" by Amanda Durepos at Unbounce Recommended Reading: How to Create a Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% Getting Started With SEO: Keyword Research Keywords are your guiding light for SEO copywriting success. They offer insight into what your audience needs from your content and which problems they’re looking to solve. So, how do you find which keywords your content should target? First, identify topics your audience is interested in. If you completed the customer research steps in the previous section, you should have some ideas around general topical areas. Next, use a keyword research tool (or two or three) to find search volume and search difficulty. Here are some popular options: Adwords Keyword Planner:  Sure, it’s more of a PPC tool than an SEO one. It’s also free and still provides valuable keyword insights to incorporate into your strategy. Moz Keyword Explorer: If you have a paid Moz account, you’re probably familiar with its built-in Keyword Explorer tool. It’s robust and feature-rich, providing tons of information around keyword volume, difficulty, related terms, and more. Ahrefs Keywords Explorer: This option from Ahrefs is similar to the Moz tool above. One cool feature it adds is the ability to identify the parent topic of a given keyword. Pretty cool. Again, this is a paid-only tool. LSI Graph: This free web-based tool finds terms related to a core keyword. Ubersuggest: This classic tool rounds up autocomplete results for keywords, helping you turn one keyword into tons of potential ideas. Doing keyword research? Try using these tools.The way these tools work on a fundamental level is simple: you enter a keyword, and it either provides you with relevant metrics, related ideas, or both. For example, a company that makes electric cars may want their homepage to rank for "electric cars." So, they could use Ahrefs to see if people search for this keyword: It turns out lots of people search for this term, which isn't surprising. But, what does all this information mean? Keyword Difficulty: This measures how difficult it is to rank on a keyword. The higher the number, the more challenging it will be. Search Volume: This is the estimated number of times the keyword gets searched in Google. Parent Topic: This is the broader topic this keyword falls under (it turns out "electric cars" is the parent). Sometimes, keywords are actually sub-topics of a parent topic. Traffic Potential: This is how much traffic a site could potentially get from this keyword. It takes total search volume, and the number of searches that result in a click, into account. Different tools offer different metrics you can analyze.  No matter which tool you’re using though, difficulty and volume are key. The most valuable keywords show  high volume  and low difficulty. They’re rare, but worth considering targeting when you do uncover them. Understanding Search Intent It isn’t enough to find keywords you can rank for and move on. You also need to understand what people are really looking for when they’re searching for a particular term. This is especially true for search terms that are similar in spelling or phrasing, or words with multiple meanings. Let’s take the search term â€Å"football scores† for example. Even though I’m in the United States, here’s what I see: Now, most of the world calls soccer â€Å"football.† However, here in the US, it's more likely I wanted American football scores from the NFL. If I were in Canada, I might have wanted scores from the CFL, too. Someone in Australia might have been looking for Australian Rules Football updates. In Ireland, a searcher could want Gaelic football scores. That’s a lot of different possibilities for one keyword phrase (and a lot of different types of football). There are a few reasons why I probably got the results I did: There was a major soccer (or football) tournament happening. Since Google processes searches for relevancy, it made a guess that’s what I was looking for. The NFL is out of season.  Ã‚  But, maybe I wanted to find historical scores from season’s past. I’m a sponge for useless football trivia. It wasn't a specific enough search query. If I wanted NFL scores, I could have adjusted my search to be more narrowly targeted. The takeaway here is you need to know exactly what your audience is looking for. There are no room for assumptions here. If your selected keyword is off-target, your content will be, too. If your selected keyword is off-target, your content will be, too.Segmenting And Mapping Keywords By User Intent So, how can you better understand search intent? First, understand that keywords typically fall into three different categories: Navigational: Someone is trying to find a particular website. Informational: Someone is trying to gather information on a topic. Transactional: Someone is looking to buy a product or service. Segmenting keywords into each bucket is easy enough. Odds are, you’ll likely focus on the second two categories (informational and transactional). Now, it’s important to understand where in the sales funnel each of these types of keywords aligns with. Here’s another look at what a typical marketing funnel looks like: Here's how to effectively map keywords to different marketing funnel stages:How Can You Tell Exactly What People Are Looking For? Once you have a keyword selected, it’s time to figure out exactly what people want when they search that specific term. Start with a simple Google search and review the results. Then, ask yourself a couple questions: Are there any common themes in the SERPs?  If every result  appears to cover a similar topic, that’s a sign the search intent is clear. Do the search results appear mixed?  Or, if results look like a mixed bag of different specific topics, it could be that search engines can’t quite determine exactly what someone might want with that given phrase. In this case, it might be better to choose a more specific term. Then, ask whether your given keyword is navigational, informational, or transactional. You can determine this by whether the term is intended to provide a basis for research  or to actually get the credit card out and make a purchase. Recommended Reading: Your Ultimate Content Marketer's Guide to Keyword Research Understand Secondary Keywords and How to Target an Entire Topic Understanding secondary keywords is a powerful skill for any SEO copywriter. If your parent topic is your primary keyword, then secondary keywords are related terms that should be included in your content. Here are a few easy ways to find these terms: Use a high-powered keyword research tool like Moz or Ahrefs Keyword Explorer. These platforms make it easy to compile lists of related terms. Check out related searches in Google. Google (and Bing) often displays related searches at the bottom of search results. This can give you ideas for other content you can create, or terms to include in your piece. Use LSI Graph. This aforementioned tool makes it easy to spin off tons of LSI terms from one seed term. Just visit the website, enter a keyword, and let ‘er rip. Or, you can use the new LSI Graph WordPress plugin  (if you’re using WordPress for your CMS). Note: There is some debate in the SEO world about whether or not "latent semantic indexing" is the correct term to use for incorporating secondary keywords into content. As a copywriter, you don't need to be distracted by this conversation, unless you find it interesting. It's more important to understand the application of this concept in regards to targeting topics, rather than understanding the mechanics and definitions of terms. Put It All Together: How to Write SEO-Optimized Content As a best practice, put content first and search engine optimization second. Stephen Jeske, president of CanIRank (a handy on-page SEO tool), said on the Actionable Marketing Podcast: â€Å"Only after I’ve published do I actually think about tweaking it so search engines can understand my post better. I like to write for humans first and search engines second.† This piece of advice came from the founder of an SEO tool, no less. So, what does that tell you? When it comes to SEO copywriting, people are your priority. When it comes to SEO copywriting, people are your priority.On-Page Keyword Placement Once upon a time, SEOs would jam keywords wherever possible. This routinely resulted in terrible copy that ranked well because search engines were less effective at filtering out crap. Fortunately, things have long since changed. Generally speaking, you need to think people first and search engines second if you want to succeed. But, it’s still Search engines need some guidance to understand what your content is about. So, strategic keyword placement is still an important part of any search-optimized content strategy, and that isn’t likely to change in the immediate future. Let’s dig into the where and why of on-page keyword placement. URL: The slug should include your primary keyword phrase. H1:  The headline should be in an H1 tag and should include your primary keyword phrase. H2 and H3 subheadings:  These are great places to include secondary and related keyword phrases (if and where appropriate). Introduction: If your keyword truly is the topic of your content, it shouldn’t be hard to reference it somewhere in your introduction. Throughout your content: Odds are, your primary keyword (and related phrases) are going to show up naturally throughout your content as you write. If not, consider rereading your content after you’ve finished a draft to make sure it’s present. Image file name: Include the primary keyword in one image file name. Tip: Don’t worry about keyword density (the ratio between the number of times keywords appear in your content and how many total words are present on your page). As long as your keyword phrases are included in your copy where search engines need them to interpret your content (and where it would make sense naturally for your reader), then you’re in good shape. Write an Optimized Headline Headlines are extremely important for any copywriter. Advertising visionary David Ogilvy once famously said: â€Å"On the average, five times as many people read the  headline  as read the body copy. When you have written your  headline, you have spent eighty cents out of your dollar.† The Headline Analyzer is a free tool for optimizing headlines before you publish. Plus, it's also built into :When writing headlines for search engine optimization purposes, remember the following: Include your primary keyword. It doesn't need to be an exact match. But, your headline should be closely relevant to your core keyword. Place the headline in an H1 tag. This post will explain what this means later on. Make sure your CMS uses only one H1 tag per page. Incorporate an action verb and a benefit. That's headline writing 101. Look at this headline example from the Moz Blog. Dominic wrote this post about "technical SEO problems." Therefore, he included this phrase in the headline, sending a strong signal to search engines about this content's topic. Insert Your Primary Keyword in the Webpage URL Search engines use keywords in page URLs to help them understand its content. Follow these guidelines: Write clean URLs:  Keep them punchy and concise. Use - and not _ : Incorporate your keyword phrase: Again, it doesn't necessarily need to be an exact match. However, it should be close. Here is the URL from the previous Moz Blog example: Notice how it includes the primary keyword. Plus, it also includes the term "checklist," which will help this page rank for searchers looking for one to solve this problem. Here's why URLs should include keywords (plus more #SEO #copywriting tips:Write Strong  Title Tags and Meta Descriptions Your primary keyword should always be in your title tag and meta description. If you’re unfamiliar with what these are, they’re the blue links and informational snippets you see in search engine results: Search engines give the most weight to keywords placed closest to the left. But, make sure your title tags are easy for people to read. This should be your priority. While meta descriptions aren’t used to determine page ranking, they encourage users to click. Since your keyword is what users are looking for, including it in your meta description reinforces the relevance of your content. To make sure both look good in search results, follow these character counts: Title Tags: 70 characters or fewer. Meta Descriptions: 156 characters max. You can test your title tags and meta descriptions before publishing using the Spotibo Google Search Results Preview Tool: Including your #keyword in your meta description helps reinforce SERP relevancy:Nail Your Introduction It's important to write great introductions that hook readers. But, did you know it's also crucial to include keywords and phrases in your intro, too? Make sure your primary keyword, or a close variation, is included somewhere within the first few hundred words of text. This should be easy to do naturally. Once again, take a look at the example from the Moz Blog: The primary keyword is included in the second paragraph. The author also included "checklist" in the third paragraph. This clearly communicates what the page is about to both readers and search engines. Incorporate Secondary Keywords Into Your Subheadings HTML uses six levels of header tags to structure content. Including keywords in subheads sends the message that they're important. Here is what they look like in the WordPress editor: Subheads should target secondary points about your topic. The example post from Moz uses an H2 tag here: This achieves two goals: It tells the search engine this section is important. People on this post want the checklist. Readers can easily tell this is the checklist they're looking for. Rather than searching through the content to find it, this subhead makes it obvious this is where it's at. Infusing Secondary Keywords Into Your Copy While we touched on this topic briefly before, now it’s time to actually apply it to your writing. For a brief recap on why this is important, consider the following two points: Search engines have gotten better at connecting different words that mean the same thing. For example, a piece of content about â€Å"red sneakers† might also rank for â€Å"red tennis shoes†. That’s because Google (or Bing or Yahoo) can understand that â€Å"sneakers† and â€Å"tennis shoes† mean nearly the same thing. Search engines reward content that targets an entire topic, rather than just one keyword. When someone enters a keyword phrase, the search engine’s job is to return results that answer the query thoroughly. This leads to content that answers a question completely and comprehensively outperforming content that's thin. Your content needs to include not only one targeted primary keyword, but other terms and information related to the core topic your content is about. Go back to the Moz Blog example. It uses terms that are related to "technical SEO problems" from start to finish. Look at this paragraph: "Invalid HTML" is a technical SEO problem, right? By touching on tons of different examples like this, the author sends the message that this is a comprehensive piece of content, that addresses a broad topic in deep detail. Include Links to Other Pages on Your Site This post previously explained the importance of links. That includes links to your page from other sites, and links between pages on your own domain. These help search engines understand which pages are most important. If you link to a page more frequently, it sends the message that its a useful page. However, be careful not to overdo it. Include links when they're helpful for readers. Look at this example from Musicians Friend. The article is all about Fender Telecaster guitars, so its links to a page where shoppers can find and buy this model: Include Links to Useful Resources On Other Sites Links to quality sources show that your content is well-researched. They also help readers by directing them toward other relevant content. It also shows search engines that you're associated with strong sites that people want to visit. Here is some example text from a post on the Raven Tools blog: Since this post is about building a checklist for a new website launch, it links to content that helps readers get this job done. Note the blue text link that goes to an official support doc from Google: That's certainly a quality source, and it helps the reader accomplish their goal. This should always be your aim. How to Measure SEO Success You've now put in tons of work. How do you know if it has been worth it? The answer: invest in a quality SEO platform that can track performance. What Should You Measure? Here are some metrics to monitor: Rankings: Well-written content, with proper keyword targeting, should rank well. Traffic: How many readers is your content attracting? Conversions: Are readers taking your desired action? Backlinks: If your content is good enough, other sites should link to it. How Should You Measure These Performance Indicators? You will need the right tools to measure success. Here are some recommended options: Ahrefs: This is 's preferred tool. You can measure rankings, traffic, backlinks, and more. Moz: May be the most popular option on the market. It's similar to Ahrefs. Google Analytics: Indispensable for measuring site traffic and conversions. What to Do When Your Content Fails If you put in tons of work and do everything right, you should succeed. What happens if you don't, though? Start diagnosing the issue. Then, correct your course of action. Check Your Site Speed People don't like waiting for pages to load. So, Google rewards pages that load more quickly. To check your site speed, use Pingdom's webspeed tester. It's a free tool that detects how fast a web page loads: Show your results to a web developer. Then, ask them to work on improving your site speed. Google Page Speed Insights is another tool you can use to provide detailed recommendations on where your site can be improved: Compress Images With WP Smush If you use WordPress, the plugin WP Smush can help compress images. This can help pages load faster, since images are a common culprit behind slow loading times. Rewrite Your Calls to Action If your page is getting lots of traffic, but conversions are low, your calls-to-action could need work. Follow this guide and make them more compelling. Make Sure Your Page Matches the Keyword Search Intent It's also possible that lots of people are finding your page ... only to learn it's not what they thought it was. Remember the example about how many different kinds of football exist in the world? If someone is searching for a word that means multiple things, it's important that your content makes it clear exactly what the page is about.  Yoast created an excellent guide that explains how search intent works. You are not churning out content for the sake of ranking on specific keywords. Rather, the keywords you choose should be relevant to your business, and the content you create should be relevant to the needs of the person using those keywords. This point cannot be stressed enough. Never Resort to Keyword Stuffing It’s almost hard to believe this still needs to be discussed in 2017. For the uninitiated though, consider this a warning: don’t try to fool search engines by unnaturally stuffing full of keywords. Keyword stuffing involves awkwardly and repeatedly cramming a specific keyword phrase into your text. Here’s an example of what it might look like: Dave’s Shoe Shop is the best shoe store in Dallas, Texas. If you’re shopping for shoes in Dallas or Fort Worth, Dave’s is the footwear outlet for you. No one carries more casual or athletic footwear in the region. In this hypothetical example, it’s obvious the writer is targeting shoe shoppers in the Dallas area. So, they shoved terms related to â€Å"shoes† and â€Å"Dallas† as many different ways as they could into three sentences. This kind of content doesn’t rank well, though. Worse, it certainly isn’t compelling anyone to buy shoes from poor old Dave. Now Start Writing Better Search-Optimized Copy The information in this post is applicable to almost any kind of content you might write. Whether you’re writing product copy for an ecommerce site or search-optimized blog posts to generate leads, you’re now equipped with the knowledge you need to write copy that’s the easy to find and drives conversions.

Sport Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Sport Psychology - Essay Example It attempts to deal with the modus operandi for analysis of an athlete’s sport and the importance of specific techniques to be adopted for assessment of an athlete. Given the fact that the quest for the mental edge in competition is what sport psychology is all about, it is aimed at bridging the identified gaps by an appropriately designed psychological skills training programme. Every human being is uniquely endowed with an uncanny range of skills, depending on a wide range of physical, environmental and genetic factors. Sporting excellence too is a by-product of the balance of opposites like planning and intuition, emotion and rationale, and risk taking and restraint. In the context of any sport, high levels of performance are often a reflection of one’s ability to display these multi-faceted skills comprehensively, on demand; some can be straightaway correlated to core body performance, while some others may have bearing with the complex dual effect of mind-body responses. Any modern sport demands a judicious mix of core body performance as well as mind-body combo output with a tilt more towards the latter, which in turn is linked to one’s ability to learn, develop and perfectly master the motor performance. Motor performance in simple terms is one’s ability to learn, develop and store information for reproduction and display of a wid e range of ‘skills’, when needed. Any sport per se being competitive in nature, there is an inherent and consistent need for a healthy comparison of one individual with another or a team of sportsmen with another team, by scientifically acceptable means, with a view to raise the performance bar. It would in real terms imply comparison of the performance linked attributes of one with those of the other. Ready availability of ways and means of doing the comparison with an appropriate rationale would be the ideal prerequisites for the assessment of any sportsman or athlete, to probe

Case assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case 2 - Assignment Example Zelman, M.J.M.N.D.G. 2009). When talking about the extrinsic rewards than the name of Performance management or Appraisal comes in the mind instantaneously (William N. Zelman, M.J.M.N.D.G. 2009). The subject of Performance management is quite common nowadays and we can find a huge amount of researches and literature on this mounting issue (Dag & Von, 2007). Organizations nowadays become extremely eager as far as facilitating their employees is concerned because of number of reasons. As the turnover of the employees increases as so the strategies to retain them also increase. We have selected the job role of a sales representative for this analysis. Sales representative is the person who is in direct contact with the customers of the company in terms of giving feedback to them (William N. Zelman, M.J.M.N.D.G. 2009). The performance management that should be impose is 360 degree. Performance usually has two different dimensions which predominantly are, achieving the business result and developed individual competencies. The topic of performance appraisal is now seen as a bureaucratic paper work which does not take seriously because it has minimal effect and impact on the development of employees (William N. Zelman, M.J.M.N.D.G. 2009). Performance Appraisal never asked the questions regarding the development and career advancement of an employee but competent mapping 360 degree would focus on how and why performance can be measured and developed. By utilizing the same a company could easily judge the performance of an employee and gives all sort of benefits to them (William N. Zelman, M.J.M.N.D.G. 2009) Motivational theory based on cognitive psychology. It proposes that people are motivated by their conscious expectations of what will happen if they do certain things, and are more productive when they believe their expectations

Integral part of British culture Essay Example for Free

Integral part of British culture Essay Soaps are contemporary, which means they are written in the same rime that they are being acted. Some viewers develop whats called social critism or social commentary, when as I mentioned before, viewers get lost in the plots and get carried away with their feelings. You sometimes hear about people trying to kill characters that they dont like. I just think how pathetic they are that they cant differenciate between a soap opera and reality. Political bias is another issue, which tends to sway the minds of viewers. This happens when a character is portrayed to have a specific political view on a matter. For example if a character is strongly against the Labour Party, their views may rub off on to the public, and then the public assume that that is their real belief. Really the actors/actresses are shoved a script to learn. They dont mess about and argue with the script writers just because their views differ to their characters. Many potentially controversial issues are embarked upon in soaps. For example, when the first lesbian kiss was screened on Brookside a few years ago everyone was horrified. On the otherhand, it encouraged real life lesbian couples to go public, not being ashamed of their sexuality. Soap operas are a form of voyeurism which means you can enjoy watching without participating, which is just up some peoples street. Its nice to come in from school, make a cuppa and be entertained by people for half an hour, from a distance, without having to participate. Some people believe soaps are anti-depressants. This is true when you are experiencing serious problems in your life. It is comforting when you switch on the tv and find a character with a much worse problem than yours. It puts everything into perspective, and demonstrates that it is quite possible to overcome such problems. Soap operas prove to be relief from everyday pressures, albeit temporary. This is especially true for me. My artistic merit is Neighbours. Sometimes I cant wait till 5. 35pm, because I know that I can relax during the twenty five minutes it is on. Soaps are very informative about occupations. You get to know what a characters job involves and requires. For example, Joe Scully is a builder in Neighbours, Paddy is a vet in Emmerdale and Karl Kennedy, a doctor in Neighbours. All these characters provide good insights into these careers, which may help you to choose which job suits you. Soaps allow you to study lifestyles. This is especially useful for sociology and psychology students who are required to research different lifestyles and the way they affect our personalities. Using these studies they can compare the lifestyles of regions or countries, and how they differ. Soaps are used as message propaganda. This is when truths or quotes are twisted and end up only half true. Journalists use this technique. Since video recorders developed, soaps have given them a revolution. Before technology developed viewers who were unable to watch an episode simply missed it. Now, it is popular to record programmes when you are out, or viewing on another channel. This revolution has increased the viewing figures by thousands. Producers of soap operas have many promotion techniques. Some of these include advertising, omnibus episodes, special length episodes with exciting content, ie, a birth or a wedding. All of these attract the viewer and send the ratings rocketing. There are two types of soaps: Imported and home grown. Imported is self-explanatory-the soap is imported from other countries to our screens, Home and Away and Neighbours are examples. Home grown is the screening of soaps from their own country. Wealth and power V class consciousness is an issue in soaps. An example of wealth and power is Mike Bawldin in Coronation Street. He is portrayed as a filthy rich business man. On the otherhand the employees that work for him in his factory are examples of class consciousness. They are of the working class. In my opinion this is wrong because it demonstrates that people of different classes should be treated differently, when really people should be treated with the same amount of respect. Soaps are a form of escapism, as viewers can escape from the real world to the soap world. Soaps provide a vicarious experience, which means that the viewers experience the soap at second hand. The cast experience at first hand. Soap opera producers use romanticism to enchance love affairs, to give the viewer a rose-tinted image of the issue. Usually the characters chosen to have love affairs are beautiful, psycially desirable people. We all know that in the real world this stereotypical image is not always true to life. Soap operas move with the times in all aspects such as decor and design in houses and settings, up to the minute technology, lifestyles and relationships, entertainment and the cultural scene (mores), eg drugs, alcohol abuse. This can have a powerful impact on the viewers who will emulate a particular home or lifestyle. Overall, I think soap operas are enjoyable and fulfilling, but if watched over prolongued periods of time can lead to unhealthy addiction.

The Interferometer :: essays research papers fc

Abstract: The interferometer is the most accurate measuring device known to man. It was created by Albert A. Michelson. The operation of the interferometer described briefly is a light beam that is separated by a beam splitter. The two beams then travel equal distances at 90 ° of each other where they are reflected off two mirrors back through the beam splitter. They are then superimposed on to a screen. The screen will display an interference pattern of fringes. The interferometer is extremely sensitive to vibrations and should be isolated from them The interferometer is the most accurate device presently known to man, and most likely will remain the most accurate measuring device for the next hundred years† Cal Christiansen. The interferometer can measure lengths of one half the wavelength of the light source being used. With a HeNe laser (Helium Neon) this length is 316.4nm, about 1/3 of a micron. The interferometer is able to measure very small distances by the interference produced between two lasers beams. With this degree of accuracy there are clearly many uses for this device including, measuring flatness, structural stress, and making linear measurements. Albert A. Michelson is the father of the interferometer and the â€Å"Michelson Interferometer† is still used today. Michelson was born in Prussia in 1872 and later moved to the United States where he joined the U.S. Navy. As an instructor in the Navy academy he was asked to demonstrate the Foucault method of measuring the speed of light and made several improvements on it. Michelson received a grant and built his first interferometer much like the one presently used. It consisted of an Argand lamp, two mirrors, two beam splitters and an eyepiece. The device was extremely sensitive to vibrations and wasn’t accurate until it was brought to the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory in Berlin where it was mounted on a platform designed for an equatorial telescope. With proper setup Michelson attempted to detect the presence ether, an invisible undetectable material that surrounded by all matter. This was unsuccessful and Einstein later declared that the ether did not exit and light travels at the same speed in all directions. Michelson would later receive the Nobel Prize for science for â€Å"precision optical instruments and the spectroscope and metrological investigations conducted herewith.† Several versions of the interferometer were devised by Michelson including, the interferential comparator for standardizing the meter, a mechanical harmonic analyzer for testing the harmonic motion of fringes, and a stellar interferometer for measuring the size of stars.

The Difference Between Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour

The difference between Consumer Buyer Behaviour and Organisational Buyer Behaviour In this essay we will be talking about the difference between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour and how marketers can harvest this knowledge to create the right marketing strategies for each category of market. The main difference between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour is that consumer buying consists of activates involved in buying and using of products for personal and household use, where organisational buyers purchase primarily for organisational purpose.Consumer behaviour is complex and a company has to fit their product more closely and satisfy their customer needs more fully than the competitors. Marketers will also need to know whether their controllable variables, e. g. marketing mix variables, will affect buying behaviour. Culture is the broadest environmental factor witch influences buyer behaviour, consumption choices cannot be understo od without considering the culture. It is the prisms with witch customers perceive the product. The culture of consumers determines the priorities he attaches to different products.The link between consumer behaviour and culture is a two-way street. In one direction the products that are produced to fit a consumer’s culture are better accepted, in the other direction products and innovation that are created in a specific culture on a given time show us a clear domination in the cultures ideals. (Michael Solomon, Culture, 2006) Social class refers to the grouping together of individuals or families who have certain common social or economic characteristics. Societies can be divided in haves and have-nots.Social Class is determined by income, family background and occupation. The social class is not only determining how much money is spent by the individual but also how it is spent. (Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, 2006) Consumer buyer behaviour Masl ow`s hierarchy of needs is the first model we are looking at. It implies a hierarchy of biogenic and psychogenic needs where the order of development is fixed and a certain level must be attained before the next higher one.In Maslow`s hierarchy one must first satisfy basic needs before he can progress up the ladder. The application of this model is relatively simplistic as one product can satisfy more than one need. (Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour , 2006) The next model we are talking about is the Howard Sheth model. The model describes brand decision under incomplete or limited information. It distinguishes three levels of decision: 1) Extensive problem solving- the buyer has little or no knowledge about the product and has no criteria by which to choose the product. ) Limited problem solving- In this stage the choice criteria are defined but the buyer is still undecided about the brads which best serve him. 3) Routinized responses behaviour- The criteria set in this stage is well defined and the consumer has the best brand which best serves him. He makes the buying process with little evaluation of alternatives. The Howard Sheth model borrows concepts from the learning model to explain brand choice. Four major components are involved in this process: impute variables, output variables, hypothetical constructs and exogenous variables. Rao, 2011) There are three different impute variable, the first and second is provided by the marketer by significant stimuli like physical brand characteristics and symbolic stimuli like visual or verbal characteristics. The third variable is provided by family, reference group etc. (Rao, 2011) The perceptual and learning construct define the main part of the model. It deals with the psychological variables with interact with the consumer decision making. The output variables are the response to the impute variables and helps us understand how the consumer will engage with the perceptual construct. Rao, 2011) The Last mode l we are looking at is the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell model which was created to describe the knowledge concerning consumer behaviour. The first stage is the decision-process stage. The model is focusing on the five mine decision-process stages: Problem recognition, search for alternatives, alternate evaluation purchase, and outcomes. The consumer does not necessarily have to go through all this stages. The number of stages depends if it is an extended or a routine problem solving behaviour.The Second stage is the information impute where the consumer is getting information from marketing and non-marketing sources with will influence the decision-making process. The third stage is the information processing stage and it consists of the exposure, attention and retention of the consumer to the information. The consumer must first be exposed to the message, allocate space for this information, interpret the stimuli, and retain the message by transferring the input to long-term memory. The fourth stage consists of individual and environmental influences that affect all five stages of the decision process.Individual characteristics include motives, values, lifestyle, and personality; the social influences are culture, reference groups, and family. Situational influences, such as a consumer’s financial condition, also influence the decision process. (Engel, 1995) Organisational buyer behaviour Broadly speaking organisational customers can be classified in commercial, institutional and governmental sector. (Oxford University Page) The Commercial customers can be divided furthermore in 1) Distributors: They are also known as intermediaries and their main purpose is to transfer products through the supply chain adding value to them.The main types of intermediary are wholesales, dealers, agents, value-added resellers. 2) Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs): They are the classic business customer. They purchases parts or materials and manufacture and market with t he manufacturer’s brand. 3) Users: These customers buy some products to sustain their own production. 4) Retailers: They purchase goods to sell them to their customers. The Institutional customer may differ greatly from the commercial customer in the preceding list. Universities are a good example of institutional customers and the products they have to buy in order to keep operating. Oxford University Page) The Governmental customers can differ from government to government as they can regalement their spending on military health and education. While there are differences between consumer buyer behaviour and organisational buyer behaviour we clearly can see some similarities between them especially when we realises that rationality in organisational buyer behaviour can be misplaced. If the buyer are people to then they can also make mistakes lead by perception, emotion and pear pressure.On the other hand some consumer purchases involve high technical complexity and time invo lving information search. The practice of B2B and B2C is not always clear as an example we can take Sun Microsystems witch approaches large business directly but also encourages small developers to build OEM machines and sell them to customers. (Oxford University Page) We clearly can see that there are some similarities in the B2C and B2B market but there are some huge differences. For example, consumer markets often consist of millions of customers where far fewer customers are in the organisational market.A small percentage often makes a large percentage of the earnings of a B2B business. (Oxford University Page) The B2C buying process can be fairly complex for a high involvement purchase like a car but in a B2B market there is often not only one person involve in this process, it is typically known as the decision-making unit (DMU). Members involved in this decision making unit can be managers who are not involved in the usage of the product and often have a strategic and financi al perspective of the company but also members who directly use the product are involved in the decision making process.We can describe the different parties (Webster and Wind, 1972) in the decision making process as followed: 1) Initiator- is the person who makes the first request for the purchase 2) Buyer – they are the formal authority in the process and are making the purchases from the suppliers 3) Influencers –they affect the decision-making process by providing internal or external information. 4) Decision makers- they are the persons with the authority to approve a purchase. 5) Users – they are the persons who use the product. They often deliver feedback of the performance. ) Gatekeepers – they control the flow of information to other managers within the buying organisation One of the most recognised models of organisational buyer behaviour is the Buygrid Framework (Robinson et al, 1967). It combines nature of the buying situation with the stages in the decision process. It is worth noting the differences between the three buyclass situations: 1) New task purchases – In this category the company is buying a product or a service for the first time. They typically have no experience in the supplier’s capabilities. The DMU is usually larger and the schedule for the decision is often extended. ) Modified rebuy – in this chase the company has already knowledge about the suppliers capabilities but has to alter a variable in the order witch could be: time, amount or price. 3) Straight rebuy – in this case the company does not alter the order. It is normally seen when basic goods are ordered. The decision-making process is quite formal in B2B markets and it goes through many as eight buyphases for a new task purchase: 1) Problem Recognition – this can be created by a supplier review, dissatisfaction with current providers and changing business needs. ) General need description – the need can come from an innovation, the need for cutting costs or improving production. 3) Specifications – It necessity buyer/supplier dialog and is the part where suppliers are differentiated and evaluated. 4) Supplier search – it is the stage where a consideration set of suppliers is created and information is gathered. 5) Proposal submission – suppliers are put into a choice set and a proposal is solicited from those last few suppliers 6) Supplier Selection – in this stage proposals are evaluated and negotiation may take place between buyer and seller. ) Order process specification – in this stage an agreement or a contract is created. 8) Performance review – in this stage the suppliers are revised and benchmarked and then changed, modified or discontinued. (Oxford University Page) It is very important for a company in the B2B market to understand the different members and their roles in a DMU of a company; the members can be brought together from all parts of a company and can include purchasing, R&D, finance and even marketing.The marketing strategy of the supplying must reflect the individual interest within a DMU but also the whole interest and group dynamic of a DMU. (Oxford University Page) Referencing (n. d. ). Retrieved 03 21, 2012, from Oxford University Page: http://www. oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199551682/ellis_ch02. pdf Engel, J. B. (1995). Consumer Behaviour. In J. B. Engel, Consumer Behaviour. Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). In G. B. Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective (p. 460). Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). Consumer Behaviour . In G. B.Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective (pp. 125-126). Michael Solomon, G. B. (2006). Culture. In G. B. Michael Solomon, Consumer Behaviour A European Pespective (pp. 525-527). Rao, V. S. (2011, 01 10). Howard Sheth Model. Retrieved 03 21, 2012, from cite Man Network: http://www. citeman. com/13241-howard-sheth-model. html Robinson, P. J. , Faris, C. W. , & Wind, Y. (1976) Industrial Buying and Marketing , Allyn & Bacon, Boston Webste, F. E. & Wind, Y. (1972) Organisational Buying Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ

Khan Academy

With the Khan-Academy systematics, I feel that it is actually a tool that helps many others like myself who may be attending math classes in school. As a child in elementary school, the Internet program helped me start filling the â€Å"Swiss cheese† gaps Khan talked about. The â€Å"Swiss cheese† gaps, are the things people didn’t learn while they were in math classes, where the teacher simply did not go into great detail of explaining. The way the gaps began to be filled, was that it actually challenged me to a greater potential that I thought could not be achieved.In fact many others in my class treated the program as a game in a good way, as on the Internet program one wins a copious amount of prizes in which we used to brag to each other on. To win prizes they may consist of answering a specific amount of questions or becoming persistent at working with Khan-Academy. Something the program has definitely made up is the intolerable position in which unfit teac hers put there students into. The math teachers usually do not help enough or teach only one way, and this is the full reason on why some student actually end up failing their classes.With Khan-Academy some how the student that ended up failing their math classes, now have grades like the visually impaired gifted ones, which also may show how poorly the teachers may have taught their students. Another good point Khan made happen to be the interactions that started to make place amongst the student of classes, in which the ones that did not understand the lessons could know get taught by other students that may have had a full understanding of whatever the problem or problems were.A way the Khan-Academy is assuring that the help that is given is accurate, is that within the program itself it has a way a keeping track who is excelling, and who may not be. Either way one may take the program, it benefits everyone in a various amount of ways and has been a major help in classes across A merica by helping student who did not excel in math class before.

Macolm X essays

Macolm X essays A man was brought into this world on May 19,1925 to serve his people and help them open many doors. This man started of as a nobody and is now known to the world as being one of Americas greatest Civil Rights leaders. Malcolm X Little was the 4th child born to Reverend Earl and Louise Little. He also had 3 half siblings. His dad believed in self-determination and worked for the unity of black people and tried to teach Malcolm the same way. His dad tried to raise Malcolm to be aware of his ethnic background and dignity. Violence was always sparked by white people that were trying to stop black people such as Rev. Little. (Malcolms father) After he was born his family quite a few times before he they finally settled in Lansing, Michigan. His father became active in the University of Negro improvements Assoc. he also go involved in the Black Baptist Church. Throughout Malcolms life he was dedicated to black people. I guess you could say that he followed in the footsteps of his father. Even though Malcolm, his brothers, sisters, and parents were all shot, burned out of their homes, harassed, and threatened they still fought for their freedom and for what they believed in. This culminated in the assassination of his father by the white people. When Malcolm was only 6 years of age his father was shot and died. Although all this happened to Malcolm throughout his life he still continued to go to school. HE graduated 8th grade with good grades, just as he thought his father would have wanted him to do. At the age of 15 Malcolm dropped out of school and began to learn the ways of the streets. He became acquainted with hoodlums, thieves, dope peddlers, and pimps. When he was twenty Malcolm was convicted of burglary, and he remained in prison till he was 27. While he was in prison he began to educated himself and he learned about and joined the Nation of Islam. He studied the teachings of Elijah Mu...

Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Etruscan King of Rome

Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Etruscan King of Rome Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BCE), or Tarquin the Proud, ruled Rome between 534 and 510 BCE and was the last king the Romans would tolerate. Tarquinius despotic reign earned him the title Superbus (proud, haughty). The flaw in Superbus character- he combined a great deal of ambition with a wealth of family treachery in his background- eventually led to the end of the Etruscan rule over the city of Rome. Superbus was a member of the Tarquin Dynasty, dubbed the Great House of Tarquin by Romes historian Livy, but the spotty, intrigue-riddled reign was hardly a dynasty. The Tarquins were one of several Etruscan chiefs, including the Tarchu, Mastarna, and Porsenna, who in turn usurped Romes throne with little chance to found genuine dynasties. Cicero sketched the Tarquin history in his Republica  as an example of how easily good government could degenerate. Fast Facts: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Known For: The Last Etruscan king in RomeAlso Known As: Tarquin the ProudBorn: Year unknown in RomeFather: Lucius Tarquinius PriscusDied: 495 BCE in Cumae, RomeSpouse(s): Tullia Major, Tullia MinorChildren: Titus,  Arruns, Sextus, Tarquinia Early Years Superbus was the son or possibly the grandson of Tarquinius Priscus and son-in-law of the previous Etruscan king Servius Tullius. The exact date of Superbus birth is unknown. Ciceros text suggests that Superbus and his future wife Tullia Minor killed their respective spouses, Arruns Tarquin and Tullia Major, before murdering Servius Tullius and bringing Superbus to power. There are no historical records for this period in Roman history: Those records were destroyed when Gaul sacked Rome in 390 BCE. What scholars know of the Tarquin history are legends written down by the much later Roman historians Livy, Cicero, and Dionysius. Superbus Reign After ascending the throne, Superbus embarked on a campaign of expansion early in his reign, waging war against the Etruscans, Volci, and Latins. His victories helped cement Rome’s status as an important power in the region. Superbus also signed Rome’s first treaty with Carthage and completed construction of the massive Temple of Capitoline Jupiter. He also used forced labor to extend the Maxima drainage system, an important water-and-sewer system in ancient Rome. Revolt and the New Republic A revolt against the corrupt Etruscans was spearheaded by Tarquin the Prouds nephew Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucretias husband Tarquinius Collatinus. In the end, Superbus and all of his family (ironically, including Collatinus) were expelled from Rome. Along with the end of the Etruscan kings of Rome, the power of the Etruscans over Latium weakened. Rome replaced the Etruscan rulers with a Republic. Although there are some who believe there was a gradual transition to the consul system of the Republic, the Fasti Consulares list the annual consuls straight after the end of the regal period. Legacy Classical scholar Agnes Michels and others have suggested that the text Livy, Dionysius, and Cicero used to describe the events of the Tarquin Dynasty has all the earmarks of a classic tragedy, or rather, a trilogy of plays with the moral theme of cupido regni (kingdom of lust). Superbus legacy of court intrigue and scandal led to the end of the Etruscan rule of Rome. It was Tarquin the Prouds son, Tarquinius Sextus, who raped the Roman noblewoman Lucretia. Lucretia was the wife of his cousin Tarquinius Collatinus, and her rape brought about the end of Etruscan rule. Lucretias rape was scandalous on several levels, but it came about because of a drinking party during which her husband and other Tarquins argued over who had the most beautiful wife. Sextus was at that party and, aroused by the discussion, came to the virtuous Lucretias bed and forcibly raped her. She called her family to demand revenge, and when they didnt deliver, she committed suicide. Sources Gantz TN. 1975. The Tarquin Dynasty. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 24(4):539-554.Michels AK. 1951. The Drama of the Tarquins. Latomus 10(1):13-24.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Tarquin.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 4 Apr. 2018.Cartwright, Mark. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.  Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 03 Mar 2017. Web. 17 Mar 2019.

The Financial Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Financial Crisis - Research Paper Example Although greatly linked to the sub-prime mortgage crisis, the causes of the 2008 recession are complex and multi-varied. This essay discusses the role of government policy, the role of mortgage originators, securitization, and moral hazards. Additionally, it presents an explanation of how the following work as well as what role they played in the crisis: subprime mortgages, mortgage backed securities, credit derivative obligations, credit default swaps; the consequences on U.S. financial markets; and the U.S. government response. Finally, it presents the authors own perspective on the financial crisis. Analysis Perhaps the most overarching consideration in terms of the financial crisis is the role of mortgage originators, securitization, and moral hazards played. Referred to as subprime lending this process is highly complex. Throughout the late 90s and early 00s competition in the housing market greatly increased. As a means of keeping pace with the increasing competitive markets mo rtgage lenders increasingly increased their borrowing restrictions to individuals with less than stellar credit ratings. This process is intimately connected with government policy as in many situations it was the government that contributed through policy and pressure to loosen up the lending standards. Indeed, some researchers linked the beginning of the housing bubble to 2003 (Krugman 2009). Prior to this period Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) were required to maintain conservative lending practices. As a means of enticing individuals to enter into subprime loans, lending agencies implemented high-pressure tactics, including loan incentives (Krugman 2009). This predatory lending constituted a great contributing factor to the crisis. Additionally, the rising costs of housing prices created an environment were people increasingly believed that their home purchases would continue to rise. The exact originators of this crisis are complex. One of the most frequently cited cons iderations is that government policies that sought to increase home ownership greatly contributed to the institutional environment that would allow for such practices to occur. Indeed, since as early as the Reagan administration the government has sought policy to increase home ownership (Wright 2010). However, it wasn’t until 1995 that the government became more actively involved in the process. In 1995, Government Sponsored Enterprises, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, began receiving government incentives for purchasing mortgage-backed securities (Wright 2010). These mortgaged backed securities included loans to low-income borrowers. In 1996 this process was further enhanced as the Housing and Urban Development Department (HUD) set a goal for both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to purchase at least 42% of mortgage backed securities that contained households with incomes below the median for the specific area (Wright 2010). An important consideration is the notion of the C redit Default Swap. These swaps were largely implemented during the period preceding the economic meltdown. The process is highly complex, as it implements derivatives in the process, contributing to the overarching considerations regarding the difficulty in regulatory processes. Essentially what was occurring was that the institutions

The US Government Does not Want Iran to Have a Nuclear Energy Research Paper

The US Government Does not Want Iran to Have a Nuclear Energy - Research Paper Example Nuclear energy is cheaper as compared to other forms of energy. This therefore leads to faster development of infrastructure and industrialization which later results in economic growth. 3. . Literature Review History of nuclear programs in the U.S Iran breach of the NPT Safeguards The Middle East Arms Race Iran could attack Israel with nuclear weapons Israel and U.S alliance to stop Iran from developing nuclear programs U.S and Iran disagreements over nuclear weapons 4. Discussion U.S does not trust Iran with nuclear power Difficulties that the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) faces Iran is a sovereign state and should deal with the issue the best way it sees fit 5. Conclusion The US believes that it will be more dangerous if countries like Iran are allowed to develop nuclear weapons. It is of paramount importance to understand that nuclear energy is the most secure source of energy for people because it does not result in increased greenhouse gas emissions. Abstract The US Government Does Not Want Iran to Have a Nuclear Energy This paper discusses the issue and the reason why the U.S does not want Iran to have nuclear energy. The paper starts by giving the definition of nuclear energy and weapons. There are two types of nuclear weapons; these are atomic and hydrogen bombs. Nuclear energy has several pros and cons which are clearly discussed in the paper. The main disadvantage of nuclear energy is that it poses an adverse effect to humans, animals and the environment when used as a weapon. The main advantage is that it has significant economic effects that result in development of infrastructure, industries, thus countries with nuclear power plants experience quick economic growth, and this leads to development. The literature review mainly focuses on Iran in relation to nuclear power programs and the fears of the U.S on terrorism. Introduction The U.S Government Does Not Want Iran to Have a Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is a form of energy that comes from the splitting of the uranium atoms during the fission process. During fission, there is generation of heat that leads to the production of steam that runs the turbine to generate electricity at the power plant. Nuclear weapons are explosive devices that are capable of changing matter into power. Nuclear weapons are classified in two categories; atomic and hydrogen bombs. The main characteristic of atomic weapons is the splitting of the atoms of plutonium or extremely saturated uranium that gives out a lot of energy. Hydrogen bombs use atomic explosion to join two hydrogen atoms to form helium. In terms of strength, hydrogen bombs are more destructive than atomic bombs. The two types of nuclear weapons are capable of causing mass destruction in terms of death, sickness and destruction to the environment. There are several advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power. Countries that own nuclear power plants experience rapid economic growth. Nuclear energy is cheaper as compared to other forms of energy. This therefore leads to faster development of in

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries Case Study - 1

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in Service Industries - Case Study Example r that the Amazon.com Company is a verified technology leader; it has developed electronic commerce innovations such as personalization of shopping services and easy-to-use search and browse features (Anderson & Young, 2001). Shopping at Amazon.com is fast and safe, incorporating a simple ordering system, secure credit card transactions, and e-mail communication with customers and direct shipping internationally. The Internet is an increasingly significant global medium for online commerce. The Company’s headquarters are based in the Seattle, Washington. The Amazon.com firm successfully accomplished its initial civic offering in the mid-month of the year 1997 and its common stock is listed on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol AMZN. In many ways, Amazon.com is perhaps the company that is most closely tied with the E-Commerce phenomenon. The company has grown from a bookseller to a fundamental Wal-Mart of the website selling products as diverse such as Music compact discs, game applications, software and apparatus and hardware. The company has also grown at a steady rate with revenues rising from about one hundred million dollars in 1997 to three billion dollars in 2001 (Anderson & Young, 2001). However, the rise in revenue has led to a corresponding increase in operating losses making the company to run a great deficit. The company did make its first quarterly profit of five million dollars in the fourth quarter of 2001. Unfortunately, this was made to decline by vital cumulative losses. Great economists first defined the concept of Activity Based Activity in the late 19th century in that period. Originally, the ABC was focusing on the manufacturing industry where the technical upgrading and output upgrading had reduced the quantity of express labor and the material costs, though there was an increase in the percentage of indirect or overhead cost. In contrast to the traditional cost accounting system, the activity based cost systems originally

Genetic Algorithm Research Proposal

Genetic Algorithm Research Proposal System Optimization The main concern is to find the optimum value for each design parameter for each prediction period for a total simulation time of 12 hours. The simulation is performed on the selected system based on the optimization timeframe with an acceptable accuracy and the optimization process is applied for a prediction period of one. The value of a single design parameter and internal loads are fixed during a prediction period and may vary from one prediction period to another. Genetic Algorithm Modeling the liquid desiccant system with the CC/DV system is complex task with multi-variables involved, several equations are coupled and indirect relations between different parameters are present. Since several non-linear equations are solved, it is advised to use a revolutionary derivative free optimization tool that follows the direct search technique. The simplest optimization tool that could be used for the proposed case is the genetic algorithm optimization tool because it is derivative free, based on numerical analysis, and is somehow efficient if compared with other derivative based optimization schemes. Moreover, it fetches the global minimum of a specific function. Our choice of using a derivative free algorithm to solve the optimization problem is implemented by the evolutionary genetic algorithm. Genetic algorithms are adaptive methods which may be used to solve search and optimization problems, and are based on the genetic process of biological organisms. Genetic algorithms are growing more and more popular and extending from simple design optimization to online process control. The power of the genetic algorithm arises from its robustness, being acceptably good in finding the near optimum solution and being relatively quick [1]. An efficient optimization technique uses two techniques to find the optimal solution, exploration and exploitation, and this is what genetic algorithm does. The Genetic Algorithm terminology The algorithm starts by seeding a set of trial combinations of the variables to be optimized and calculating the numerical value of the objective function for each combination selected. This set is called the â€Å"Initial Population†. The set of numerical values calculated for the objective function from the first trial, is then evaluated according the â€Å"Fitness Criteria†. The fitness criteria can be defined as the condition for the objective function numerical value to be better convenient than its pears. Based on their fitness, some combinations in the previously seeded set are chosen to be â€Å"Parents†. Parents then undergo either â€Å"Crossover† or â€Å"Mutation† procedure to produce â€Å"Children†. Most fitted parents simply jump to the next generated population without any change; such parents are referred as â€Å"Elite†. The current population is replaced by children from the next population. Elite children are the individuals in the current generation with the best fitness values. These individuals automatically survive to the next generation. Crossover children are created by combining the vectors of a pair of parents. Mutation children are created by introducing random changes, or mutations, to a single parent. The algorithm stops when the â€Å"Tolerance† in the objective function values between two generations is less than a certain set error value, or when the maximum number of â€Å"Generations† is exceeded, or by any other defined â€Å"Stopping Criteria†. For the optimized control strategy used for the chilled ceiling, displacement ventilation system the variables of the chilled ceiling and displacement ventilation are varied; this variation leads to a minimal optimal cost that results in the minimum cost that could be attained in the system. Referring to the system figure and considering the optimal control strategy, the variables that may be used for cost optimization are: The desiccant temperature at the inlet of membrane(). The supply air temperature(). The supply air mass flow rate(). Equation Chapter 6 Section 3Each variable in the optimization routine has a lower and an upper bound. These bounds define the interval where the genetic algorithm searches for the optimal cost and are based on physical considerations. The bounds for the different variables according to ASHRAE’s recommendations are: The supply air temperature is considered to vary between 17 and 23  °C. The supply air mass flow rate is considered to vary between 0.08 and 0.26 kg/s. Optimization Constraints There are several non-linear constraints that are applicable to the system. These constraints are related to thermal comfort issues, condensation inside the room and physical constraints. The constraints may be redefined in the following list The Percent People Dissatisfied inside the occupied zone is less than 10%. This condition is required for the human thermal comfort. The closer the PPD is to zero, it is assumed that the occupants inside the room would be more comfortable noting that the smallest percent people dissatisfaction is 5%. The temperature gradient shall not be greater than 2.5 K/m or 2.5  °C/m. This condition is required so that there would not be any large gradients in the human body. Large gradients cause thermal discomfort for living beings. The stratification height inside the room is greater than 1 m. This condition is required so that the stratified air does not mix with the breathing zone. The relative humidity inside the occupied zone is greater than 56% and less than 76%. The fitness function: To be able to enhance the speed of the genetic algorithm, the electrical cost function and constraints are combined in a single cost function by using penalty functions, thus the fitness cost function may be written as: The coefficients , , , , and in the above function are the weight factors for their related penalty costs. The weight factors values are set according to the system parameter. For the current system,‘s are set to unity. electrical cost The objective function that is to be optimized is the total operational cost of the system; this cost may be divided into: The cost of running the chiller.     Ã‚   The cost of running the pump. The cost of running the fan. Note that in this work the cost is given in units of KW. Chiller Cost The chiller is the main energy consuming component in our system .The chiller cost is expressed in terms of the part load ratio. The part load ratio is defined as the ratio of the current load on the chiller divided by the design load that the chiller could handle. Mathematically, the part load ratio is found from the equation The coefficient of performance of the chiller is correlated to the load equation by using the following correlation: The cost of the chiller is calculated by using the following equation Fan cost The fan cost is directly related to the air mass flow rate by using the following equation: Pump cost The pump cost is related to the pump head, liquid desiccant mass flow rate, and the efficiency of the pump. The power of the pump is evaluated by multiplying the pressure difference by the volumetric flow rate and dividing the result by the pump efficiency; mathematically the pump cost equation may be written as Note that the pump cost is not included in the cost function, since the desiccant mass flow rate is costant. Therefore the total energy consumed can be expressed by the following equation: The Constraints Cost Functions The cost function for the constraints may be written such that they could be incorporated into the online cost function in a simple manner. These constraints are related to their respective threshold values such that when the constraints are violated, the fitness function would have a very large value. For the predicted person dissatisfied, the cost function The relative humidity cost function may be bounded from the upper side by using the relation The stratification height cost is bounded to be larger than 1m, thus the stratification height cost is The temperature gradient is to bounded to be less than 2.5 K/m, thus the temperature gradient cost function may be written as The exponential term helps to penalize the cost function when-ever the thermal comfort level of occupants in the room TH decreases below the minimum set value THmin. This will increase the value of the cost function dramatically and the set of variables at hand is rejected. The integration of the constraint terms within the objective function expression and the use of the exponential form to control the constraints’ cost were implemented by Keblawi et al. [13] and Hammoud et al. [4].